Female (♀) is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, which produces non-mobile ova (egg cells).

Defining characteristics

The ova are defined as the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system, while the smaller, usually motile gamete, the spermatozoon, is produced by the male. A female individual cannot reproduce sexually without access to the gametes of a male (an exception is parthenogenesis). Some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

There is no single genetic mechanism behind sex differences in different species and the existence of two sexes seems to have evolved multiple times independently in different evolutionary lineages. Patterns of sexual reproduction include

isogamous species with two or more mating types with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level),

anisogamous species with gametes of male and female types,

oogamous species in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. There is an argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction.

Other than the defining difference in the type of gamete produced, differences between males and females in one lineage cannot always be predicted by differences in another. The concept is not limited to animals; egg cells are produced by chytrids, diatoms, water moulds and land plants, among others. In land plants, ''female'' and ''male'' designate not only the egg- and sperm-producing organisms and structures, but also the structures of the sporophytes that give rise to male and female plants.

Etymology and usage

The word female comes from the Latin ''femella'', the diminutive form of ''femina'', meaning "woman," which is not etymologically related to the word ''male''. In the late 14th century, the spelling was altered in English to parallel the spelling of ''male''.

Mammalian female

A distinguishing characteristic of the class ''Mammalia'' is the presence of mammary glands. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk, which is used to feed the young for some time after birth. Only mammals produce milk. Mammary glands are most obvious in humans, as the female human body stores large amounts of fatty tissue near the nipples, resulting in prominent breasts. Today some human females also surgically augment their breast size. However, mammary glands are present in all mammals, although they are vestigial in the male of the species.

The mammalian female has two copies of the X chromosome as opposed to the male which carries only one X and one smaller Y chromosome. To compensate for the difference in size, one of the female's X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell. In birds and reptiles, by contrast, it is the female who is heterozygous and carries a Z and a W chromosome whilst the male carries two Z chromosomes.

Mammalian females bear live young (with the rare exception of monotremes, which lay eggs). Some non-mammalian species, such as guppies, have analogous reproductive structures; and some other non-mammals, such as sharks, whose eggs hatch inside their bodies, also have the appearance of bearing live young.

Symbol

A common symbol used to represent the female sex is ♀ (Unicode: U+2640 Alt codes: Alt+12), a circle with a small cross underneath. According to Schott, the most established view is that the male and female symbols "are derived from contractions in Greek script of the Greek names of these planets, namely Thouros (Mars) and Phosphoros (Venus). These derivations have been traced by Renkama who illustrated how Greek letters can be transformed into the graphic male and female symbols still recognised today." Thouros was abbreviated by θρ, and Phosphoros by Φκ, which were contracted into the modern symbols.

Sex determination

The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species with male and female sexes have individuals that are either male or female, hermaphroditic animals have both male and female reproductive organs.

Genetic determination

The sex of most mammals, including humans, is genetically determined by the XY sex-determination system where males have X and Y (as opposed to X and X) sex chromosomes. During reproduction, the male contributes either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while the female always contributes an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a boy, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a girl. The ZW sex-determination system, where males have ZZ (as opposed to ZW) sex chromosomes, is found in birds and some insects and other organisms. Members of Hymenoptera, such as ants and bees, are determined by haplodiploidy, where most males are haploid and females and some sterile males are diploid.

Environmental determination

The young of some species develop into one sex or the other depending on local environmental conditions, e.g. many crocodilians' sex is influenced by the temperature of their eggs. Other species (such as the goby) can transform, as adults, from one sex to the other in response to local reproductive conditions (such as a shortage of males).

See also

Dakini

Femininity

Feminine side

Gestation

Girl

Lactation

Male

Transwoman

Transman

Woman

Womyn

Sources

Ayers, Donald M. English Words from Latin and Greek Elements. Second Edition. 1986. University of Arizona Press. United States.

References

Category:Gender Category:Sex Category:Women

am:ሴት (ጾታ) ar:أنثى arc:ܢܩܒܬܐ ay:Qachu az:Dişi bn:স্ত্রী zh-min-nan:Chhu-sèng be:Самка be-x-old:Саміца br:Parez ca:Femella cv:Ама sn:Nzvari cy:Benyw de:Weibliches Geschlecht et:Naissugu el:Θηλυκό es:Hembra eo:Ina sekso fa:ماده (جنس) fr:Femelle gd:Boireannach gl:Femia ko:암컷 ig:Nwanyi id:Betina is:Kvenkyn it:Femmina (biologia) he:נקבה la:Femina (sexus) lv:Mātīte lt:Patelė ln:Ebɛ́mbɛ́ hu:Nőnem (biológia) mr:मादी ms:Betina nl:Vrouwelijk (biologie) ja:メス (動物) no:Hun oc:Femèla pl:Samica pt:Fêmea ro:Femelă qu:China uywa rue:Саміця ru:Самка sa:स्त्री simple:Female sk:Samica so:Dhedig su:Bikang fi:Naaras sv:Hona tt:Ана зат te:ఆడ tr:Dişi uk:Жіноча стать ur:مؤنث fiu-vro:Imäne yi:נקיבה zh-yue:乸 bat-smg:Muotrėška lītės zh:雌性

name	Madeleine Albright
order	64th
title	United States Secretary of State
term start	January 23, 1997
term end	January 20, 2001
predecessor	Warren Christopher
successor	Colin Powell
president	Bill Clinton
order2	20th
title2	United States Ambassador to the United Nations
term start2	January 27, 1993
term end2	January 21, 1997
president2	Bill Clinton
1blankname2
1namedata2	Boutros Boutros-GhaliKofi Annan
predecessor2	Edward J. Perkins
successor2	Bill Richardson
birthname	Marie Jana Korbelová
birth date	May 15, 1937
birth place	Prague, Czechoslovakia
nationality	Czech, American
party	Democratic
spouse	Joseph Medill Patterson Albright (1959–1982; divorced)
children	3 daughters – twins Anne and Alice, and Katherine (Katie)
alma mater	Wellesley College (B.A.)Columbia University (M.A., Ph.D.)
profession	Diplomat
signature	Madeleine Albright Signature.svg
religion	Episcopalian Christian
footnotes	}}

Madeleine Korbelová Albright (born May 15, 1937) is the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by U.S. President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996, and was unanimously confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 99–0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997.

Albright now serves as a Professor of International Relations at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service. Her PhD is from Columbia University. She holds honorary degrees from Brandeis University (1996); the University of Washington (2002); Smith College (2003); University of Winnipeg (2005); the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2007), and Knox College (2008). Secretary Albright also serves as a Director on the Board of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Albright is fluent in English, French, Russian, and Czech; she speaks and reads Polish and Serbo-Croatian as well.

Personal

Early life

Albright was born Marie Jana Korbelová () in the Smíchov district of Prague, Czechoslovakia. At the time of her birth, Czechoslovakia had been independent for less than twenty years, having gained independence from Austria after World War I. Her father, Josef Korbel, was a Czech Jewish diplomat and supporter of the early Czech democrats, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš. She was his first child with his Jewish wife, Anna (''née'' Spieglová), who later also had another daughter Katherine (a schoolteacher) and son John (an economist).

At the time of Albright’s birth, her father was serving as press-attaché at the Czechoslovak Embassy in Belgrade. However, the signing of the Munich Agreement in March 1938 and the disintegration of Czechoslovakia at the hands of Adolf Hitler forced the family into exile because of their links with Beneš. Prior to their flight, Albright's parents had converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism. Albright spent the war years in England, while her father worked for Beneš’s Czechoslovak government-in-exile. They first lived on Kensington Park Road in Notting Hill, London, where they endured the worst of The Blitz, but later moved to Beaconsfield, then Walton-on-Thames, on the outskirts of London. While in England, a young Albright appeared as a refugee child in a film designed to promote sympathy for all war refugees in London.

Albright was raised Catholic, but converted to Episcopalianism at the time of her marriage in 1959. Albright did not learn until late in life that her parents were Jewish and that many of her Jewish relatives in Czechoslovakia had perished in The Holocaust, including three of her grandparents.

After the defeat of the Nazis in the European Theatre of World War II and the collapse of Nazi Germany and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Albright and family moved back to Prague, where they were given a luxurious apartment in the Hradcany district (which later caused controversy, as it had belonged to an ethnic German Bohemian industrialist family forced out by the Beneš decrees – see "Controversies"). Korbel was named Czechoslovak Ambassador to communist Yugoslavia, and the family moved to Belgrade. Communists governed Yugoslavia, and Korbel was concerned his daughter would be indoctrinated with Marxist ideology in a Yugoslav school, so she was taught by a governess and later sent to the Prealpina Institut pour Jeunes Filles in Chexbres, on Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Here, she learned French and went by Madeleine, the French version of Madlenka, her Czech nickname.

However, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over the government in 1948, with support from the Soviet Union, and as an opponent of Communism, Korbel was forced to resign from his position. He later obtained a position on a United Nations delegation to Kashmir, and sent his family to the United States, by way of London, to wait for him when he arrived to deliver his report to the U.N. Headquarters, then in Lake Success, New York. The family arrived in New York City, New York, in November 1948, and initially settled in Great Neck, on Long Island, New York. Korbel applied for political asylum, arguing that as an opponent of Communism, he was now under threat in Prague. With the help of Philip Mosely, a professor of Russian at Columbia University in New York City, Korbel obtained a position on the staff of the political science department at the University of Denver in Denver, Colorado. He became dean of the university’s Josef Korbel School of International Studies, and later taught future U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.

Life in the United States

Albright spent her teen years in Denver, and graduated from the Kent Denver School in Cherry Hills Village, a suburb of Denver, in 1955, where she founded the school’s international relations club and was its first president. She attended Wellesley College, in Wellesley, Massachusetts, on a full scholarship, majoring in political science and graduated in 1959. Her senior thesis was written on Czech Communist Zdeněk Fierlinger. She became a U.S. citizen in 1957, and joined the College Democrats of America.

While home in Denver from Wellesley, Albright worked as an intern for ''The Denver Post'', where she met Joseph Medill Patterson Albright, the nephew of Alicia Patterson, owner of ''Newsday'' and wife of philanthropist Harry Frank Guggenheim. The couple were married in Wellesley in 1959, shortly after her graduation. They lived first in Rolla, Missouri, while he served his military service at nearby Fort Leonard Wood. During this time, she worked at the ''Rolla Daily News''.

In January 1960 the couple moved to his hometown of Chicago, Illinois, where he worked at the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' as a journalist, and Albright worked as a picture editor for ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. The following year, Joseph Albright began work at ''Newsday'' in New York City, and the couple moved to Garden City on Long Island. That year, she gave birth to twin daughters, Alice Patterson Albright and Anne Korbel Albright. The twins were born six weeks premature, and required a long hospital stay, so as a distraction, Albright began Russian classes at Hofstra University in Village of Hempstead, New York.

In 1962, the family moved to Georgetown in Washington, D.C., and Albright began studying international relations and continued studying Russian at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Washington DC. However, in 1963 Alicia Patterson died, and the family returned to Long Island with the notion of Joseph taking over the family business. Albright gave birth to another daughter, Katherine Medill Albright, in 1967, and continued her studies at Columbia University's Department of Public Law and Government (later renamed as the political science department, which is located within the School of International and Public Affairs). She earned a certificate in Russian, a Masters of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, writing her Master's thesis on the Soviet diplomatic corps, and her doctoral dissertation on the role of journalists in the Prague Spring of 1968. She also took a graduate course given by Zbigniew Brzezinski, who would later be her boss at the U.S. National Security Council.

Career

Early career

Albright returned to Washington in 1968, and commuted to Columbia for her PhD, which she received in 1975. She began fund-raising for her daughters' school, involvement which led to several positions on education boards. She was eventually invited to organize a fund-raising dinner for the 1972 presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Ed Muskie of Maine. This association with Muskie led to a position as his chief legislative assistant in 1976. However, after the 1976 U.S. presidential election of Jimmy Carter, Albright's former professor Brzezinski was named National Security Advisor, and recruited Albright from Muskie in 1978 to work in the West Wing as the National Security Council’s congressional liaison. Following Carter's loss in 1980 to Ronald Reagan, Albright moved on to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., where she was given a grant for a research project. She chose to write on the dissident journalists involved in Poland's Solidarity movement, then in its infancy but gaining international attention. She traveled to Poland for her research, interviewing dissidents in Gdansk, Warsaw and Krakow. Upon her return to Washington, her husband announced his intention to divorce her for another woman.

Albright joined the academic staff at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1982, specializing in Eastern European studies. She has also directed the University's program on women in global politics. She has also served as a major Democratic Party foreign policy advisor, and briefed Vice-Presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and Presidential candidate Michael Dukakis in 1988 (both campaigns ended in defeat). In 1992, Bill Clinton returned the White House to the Democratic Party, and Albright was employed to handle the transition to a new administration at the National Security Council. In January 1993, Clinton nominated her to be U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, her first diplomatic posting.

U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations

Albright was appointed Ambassador to the United Nations, her first diplomatic post, shortly after Clinton was inaugurated, presenting her credentials on February 9, 1993. During her tenure at the U.N., she had a rocky relationship with the U.N. Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, whom she criticized as "disengaged" and "neglect[ful]" of genocide in Rwanda. Albright wrote:

My deepest regret from my years in public service is the failure of the United States and the international community to act sooner to halt these crimes.

In ''Shake Hands with the Devil,'' Roméo Dallaire claims that in 1994, in Albright's role as the U.S. Permanent Representative to the U.N., she avoided describing the killings in Rwanda as "genocide" until overwhelmed by the evidence for it; this is now how she describes these massacres in her memoirs. She was instructed to support a reduction or withdrawal (something which never happened) of the U.N. Assistance Mission for Rwanda but was later given more flexibility. Albright later remarked in PBS documentary ''Ghosts of Rwanda'' that

it was a very, very difficult time, and the situation was unclear. You know, in retrospect, it all looks very clear. But when you were [there] at the time, it was unclear about what was happening in Rwanda."

Also in 1996, after Cuban military pilots shot down two small civilian aircraft flown by the Cuban-American exile group Brothers to the Rescue over international waters, she announced, "This is not cojones. This is cowardice." The line endeared her to President Clinton, who said it was "probably the most effective one-liner in the whole administration's foreign policy."

On May 12, 1996, Albright defended UN sanctions against Iraq on a ''60 Minutes'' segment in which Lesley Stahl asked her "We have heard that half a million children have died. I mean, that's more children than died in Hiroshima. And, you know, is the price worth it?" and Albright replied "we think the price is worth it." Albright later criticized Stahl's segment as "amount[ing] to Iraqi propaganda"; said that her question was a loaded question; wrote "I had fallen into a trap and said something I did not mean"; and regretted coming "across as cold-blooded and cruel". Sanctions critics took Albright's failure to reframe the question as confirmation of the statistic. The segment won an Emmy Award.

Secretary of State

When Albright took office as the 64th U.S. Secretary of State on January 23, 1997, she became the first female U.S. Secretary of State and the highest-ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government. Not being a natural-born citizen of the U.S., she was not eligible as a U.S. Presidential successor and was excluded from nuclear contingency plans. In her position as Secretary of State, Albright reinforced the U.S.'s alliances; advocated democracy and human rights; and promoted American trade and business, labor and environmental standards abroad.

During her tenure, Albright considerably influenced American policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Middle East. She incurred the wrath of a number of Serbs in the former Yugoslavia for her role in participating in the formulation of US policy during the Kosovo War and Bosnian war as well as the rest of the Balkans. But, together with President Bill Clinton, she remains a largely popular figure in the rest of the region, especially Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Croatia. According to Albright's memoirs, she once argued with Colin Powell for the use of military force by asking, "What’s the point of you saving this superb military for, Colin, if we can't use it?"

As Secretary of State she represented the U.S. at the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997. She boycotted the swearing-in ceremony of the China-appointed Hong Kong Legislative Council, which replaced the elected one, along with the British contingents.

According to several accounts, U.S. Ambassador to Kenya Prudence Bushnell repeatedly asked Washington for additional security at the embassy in Nairobi, including in an April 1998 letter directly to Albright. Bushnell was ignored. In "Against All Enemies," Richard Clarke writes about an exchange with Albright several months after the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed in August 1998. "What do you think will happen if you lose another embassy?" Clarke asked. "The Republicans in Congress will go after you." "First of all, I didn't lose these two embassies," Albright shot back. "I inherited them in the shape they were." Albright was booed in 1998 when the brief war threat with Iraq revealed that citizens were opposed to such an invasion, although this is often overlooked.

In 1998, at the NATO summit, Albright articulated what would become known as the "three Ds" of NATO, "which is no diminution of NATO, no discrimination and no duplication – because I think that we don't need any of those three "Ds" to happen."

Both Bill Clinton and Albright insisted that an attack on Hussein could be stopped only if Hussein reversed his decision to halt arms inspections. "Iraq has a simple choice. Reverse course or face the consequences," Albright said.

In 2000, Albright became one of the highest level Western diplomats ever to meet Kim Jong-il, the communist leader of North Korea, during an official state visit to that country.

In one of her last acts as Secretary of State, Albright on January 8, 2001, paid a farewell call on Kofi Annan and said that the U.S. would continue to press Iraq to destroy all its weapons of mass destruction as a condition of lifting economic sanctions, even after the end of the Clinton administration on January 20, 2001.

Post-2001 career

Following Albright's term as Secretary of State, many speculated that she might pursue a career in Czech politics. Czech President Václav Havel talked openly about the possibility of Albright succeeding him after he retired in 2002. Albright was reportedly flattered by suggestions that she should run for office, but denied ever seriously considering it. She was the second recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation.

In 2001, Albright was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The same year, she founded the Albright Group, an international strategy consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. It has Coca-Cola, Merck, Dubai Ports World, and Marsh & McLennan Companies among its clients, who benefit from the access that Albright has through her global contacts. Affiliated with the firm is Albright Capital Management, which was founded in 2005 to engage in private fund management related to emerging markets.

Albright currently serves on the Council on Foreign Relations Board of directors and on the International Advisory Committee of the Brookings Doha Center. She is also currently the Mortara Distinguished Professor of Diplomacy at the Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C..

In 2003, she accepted a position on the Board of Directors of the New York Stock Exchange. In 2005, Albright declined to run for re-election to the board in the aftermath of the Richard Grasso compensation scandal, in which Grasso, the chairman of the NYSE Board of Directors, had been granted $187.5 million in compensation, with little governance by the board on which Albright sat. During the tenure of the interim chairman, John S. Reed, Albright served as chairwoman of the NYSE board's nominating and governance committee. Shortly after the appointment of the NYSE board's permanent chairman in 2005, Albright submitted her resignation.

On October 25, 2005, Albright guest starred on the television drama ''Gilmore Girls'' as herself.

On January 5, 2006, she participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss U.S. foreign policy with George W. Bush administration officials. On May 5, 2006, she was again invited to the White House to meet with former Secretaries and Bush administration officials to discuss Iraq.

Albright currently serves as chairperson of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and as president of the Truman Scholarship Foundation. She is also the co-chair of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor and held the Chair of the Council of Women World Leaders ''Women's Ministerial Initiative'' up until November 16, 2007, succeeded by Margot Wallström.

In an interview given to ''Newsweek International'' published July 24, 2006, Albright gave her opinion on current U.S. foreign policy. Albright said: "I hope I'm wrong, but I'm afraid that Iraq is going to turn out to be the greatest disaster in American foreign policy – worse than Vietnam."

In September 2006, she received the Menschen in Europa Award, with Václav Havel, for furthering the cause of international understanding.

Albright has mentioned her physical fitness and exercise regimen in several interviews. She has said she is capable of leg pressing 400 pounds.

At the National Press Club in Washington on November 13, 2007, Albright declared that she with William Cohen would co-chair a new "Genocide Prevention Task Force" created by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the American Academy of Diplomacy, and the United States Institute for Peace. Their appointment was criticized by Harut Sassounian and the Armenian National Committee of America.

On May 13, 2007, two days before her 70th birthday, Albright received an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Albright endorsed and supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 campaign for U.S. President. Albright has been a close friend of Clinton and serves as her top informal advisor on foreign policy matters. She is currently serving as a top advisor for U.S. President Barack Obama in a working group on national security. On December 1, 2008, then-President-elect Obama nominated then-Senator Clinton for Albright's former post of Secretary of State.

In September 2009, Albright opened an exhibition of her personal jewelry collection at the Museum of Art and Design in New York City, which ran until January 2010. The collection highlighted the many pins she wore while serving at the United Nations and State Department, including the famous pin showing a snake and apple she wore after the Iraqi press called her "an unparalleled serpent", and several jeweled insect bugs she wore to meet the Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov after it was discovered the Russian secret service had attempted to bug the State Department.

World Justice Project

Madeleine Albright serves as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

The Hague Institute for Global Justice

Madeleine Albright serves as Chair of the advisory council for The Hague Institute for Global Justice, which was founded in 2011 in The Hague.

Controversies

Art ownership controversy

Following the Washington Post's profile of Albright by Michael Dobbs, an Austrian man, Philipp Harmer, launched legal action against Albright, claiming Josef Korbel had illegally taken possession of artwork which belonged to his great-grandfather, Karl Nebrich. Nebrich, a German-speaking Prague industrialist, was forced to abandon some of his possessions when ethnic Germans were expelled from the country after WWII under the Beneš decrees. His apartment, at 11 Hradčanská Street in Prague, was subsequently given to Korbel and his family, which they occupied before also being forced to flee to America. Harmer felt Korbel stole his great-grandfather's artwork, which was left in the apartment. The matter was handled by Albright's brother, John Korbel.

Radovan Karadžić

During his first hearing in front of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Radovan Karadžić stated that Albright along with Richard Holbrooke offered him a deal which would allow him avoid prosecution for asserted war crimes if he left public life and politics. According to Karadžić, Albright offered him a chance to relocate to Russia, Greece, or Serbia and open a private clinic, or to go to Bijeljina. Karadžić was quoted as saying that Holbrooke or Albright would like to see him disappear and expressed the fear for his life by saying "I do not know how long the arm of Mr Holbrooke or Mrs Albright is ... or whether that arm can reach me here".

Books

''Madam Secretary'' (2003) – Albright's memoir, published after her retirement

''The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs'' (2006)

''Memo to the President Elect: How We Can Restore America's Reputation and Leadership'' (2008)

''Read My Pins'' (2009) ''Prague Winter: A Personal Story of Remembrance and War, 1937-1948'' (2012)

References

Bibliography

Primary Sources

External links

''Madam Secretary'' The Madeleine Albright Memoir

''Voices on Antisemitism'' Interview with Madeleine Albright from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum

Portrait of Madeleine Albright – Madeleine Albright interviewed by Ulysse Gosset on France 24 – The Talk of Paris Show

Official biography at State Department site

Sample chapter and audio interview about ''The Mighty and the Almighty'' (Official publisher web page)

1997 commencement speech, Mount Holyoke College

2003 commencement speech, Smith College

2007 commencement speech, Wellesley College

Address at DePauw University, September 19, 2008 (with video clips)

Chapter excerpts and audio interview about foreign policy (Official publisher web page)

Madeleine Albright Co-Chair Genocide Prevention Task Force

Audio recording of Albright's talk, "The Mighty and the Almighty," as part of the University of Chicago World Beyond the Headlines series.

Estimates of Iraqi deaths during sanctions

Category:1937 births Category:Living people Category:American women in business Category:American Episcopalians Category:American people of Czech-Jewish descent Category:Clinton Administration cabinet members Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism Category:Czech Jews Category:Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:Female diplomats Category:Female foreign ministers Category:Georgetown University faculty Category:Grand Order of Queen Jelena recipients Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Loudoun County, Virginia Category:Permanent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations Category:Presidents of the United Nations Security Council Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Lion Category:United States Secretaries of State Category:Wellesley College alumni Category:Women members of the Cabinet of the United States

ar:مادلين أولبرايت az:Madlen Olbrayt bn:ম্যাডেলিন অলব্রাইট zh-min-nan:Madeleine Albright be:Мадлен Олбрайт be-x-old:Мадлен Олбрайт bg:Мадлин Олбрайт ca:Madeleine Albright cs:Madeleine Albrightová da:Madeleine Albright de:Madeleine Albright et:Madeleine Albright es:Madeleine Albright fa:مادلین آلبرایت fo:Madeleine Albright fr:Madeleine Albright ko:매들린 올브라이트 hr:Madeleine Albright id:Madeleine Albright it:Madeleine Albright he:מדליין אולברייט lv:Madlēna Olbraita lt:Madeleine Albright hu:Madeleine Albright mk:Медeлин Олбрајт Kорбел nl:Madeleine Albright ne:मेडलिन अलब्राइट ja:マデレーン・オルブライト no:Madeleine Albright pl:Madeleine Albright pt:Madeleine Albright ro:Madeleine Albright ru:Олбрайт, Мадлен sq:Madeleine Albright simple:Madeleine Albright sk:Madeleine Albrightová sr:Медлин Олбрајт sh:Madeleine Albright fi:Madeleine Albright sv:Madeleine Albright tr:Madeleine Albright vi:Madeleine K. Albright zh:马德琳·奥尔布赖特

name	Erin Burnett
birthname	Erin Isabelle Burnett
birth date	July 02, 1976
birth place	Mardela Springs, Maryland, United States
occupation	News anchorJournalist
gender	Female
years active	2003–present
credits	CNBC's ''Squawk on the Street'' co-anchor ''Street Signs'' anchorCNN's ''Erin Burnett OutFront'' anchor
url	http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/burnett.erin.html?irefallsearch/
agent	CAA }}

Erin Isabelle Burnett (born July 2, 1976) is a journalist and news anchor, currently the anchor of her own news show on CNN, ''Erin Burnett OutFront''. She was previously the co-anchor of CNBC's ''Squawk on the Street'' program and the host of CNBC's ''Street Signs'' program. Burnett has also appeared on NBC's ''Meet the Press'', ''Today'', MSNBC's ''Morning Joe'', and ''NBC Nightly News'', as well as occasional appearances on ''The Celebrity Apprentice'' serving as an advisor to Donald Trump. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Burnett has hosted a number of documentaries filmed outside of the United States: "India Rising: The New Empire", "The Russian Gamble", and "Dollars & Danger: Africa, The Final Investment Frontier. She has focused extensively on the Middle East as well, reporting live from across the region and hosting documentaries including: "On Assignment: Iraq", "Big Money & the Middle East", "City of Money and Mystery" and "The Forbidden Zone".

Personal life

Burnett was born and raised in Mardela Springs, Maryland. She is the youngest daughter of corporate attorney Kenneth King Burnett and Esther Margaret (Stewart). She attended St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware, graduating in 1994, and returned in 2009 to deliver the commencement speech. Burnett attended Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, where she studied political science and economics, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in political economy. As an undergraduate, she played lacrosse and field hockey.

She is engaged to Citigroup executive David Rubulotta.

Career

Early years

Burnett began her career as a financial analyst for Goldman Sachs in their investment banking division, where she worked on mergers and acquisitions and corporate finance. While working as an investment-banking analyst, Burnett was offered a position at CNN as a writer and booker for CNN's ''Moneyline'' with Stuart Varney, Willow Bay, and Lou Dobbs.

Cable news career

From 2005 to 2011 Burnett was the host of CNBC's ''Street Signs'' and co-anchor of ''Squawk on the Street''. Following her debut, both shows received an increase in rating from those aged 25–54. On May 6, 2011 she left CNBC after 5-1/2 years. On October 3, 2011 Burnett returned to CNN as the anchor of a New York-based, prime time news program, called ''Erin Burnett OutFront''.

Host shows

''Street Signs'' (2005–2011)

''Squawk on the Street'' (2005–2011)

''Bloomberg on the Markets'' (2003–2005)

''Erin Burnett OutFront'' (2011–)

Impact and controversies

In August 5, 2009, Burnett used the term "serial killer" in a discussion with her host Jim Cramer regarding a report about the Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's plans to spend millions of dollars on aerial shooting to cull Australian feral camels in the outback. Cramer referred to the reported plan as "camelcide." The next day on the show, Burnett said her comment was meant as a joke.

On December 7, 2010, Burnett did an investigative report on chemical giant Transammonia doing business in Iran. She reported that a Transammonia subsidiary—100% owned by Transammonia in the United States—purchased ammonia from Iran. In the same report, Burnett said according to an economic plan released by the Iranian government, Iran was trying to increase ammonia production by 60 percent over the next five years. She also mentioned that ammonia is used for explosives, including roadside bombs in Afghanistan. On December 13, 2010, as a result of the CNBC report, Transammonia sent a press release to Congressional leaders stating that Transammonia's Swiss subsidiary would not enter into new contracts with Iranian companies, and would wind down its business with Iran "as soon as possible."

Shortly after arriving at CNN, on October 4, 2011, Burnett did a segment on the Occupy Wall Street protests titled "Seriously?" in which she mocked the protestors. Media watchdog groups, including Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, claimed Burnett's reporting was purposely inaccurate in order to paint the protestors in a negative light. In response to the criticism, CNN issued a statement saying, "We support Erin and the OutFront team and we respect that there will be a range of opinions on any given story."

References

External links

Erin Burnett biography at CNBC

''Squawk on the Street'' official website at CNBC

''Street Signs'' official website at CNBC

''Erin Burnett's OutFront blog'' official website at CNN

Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:American business journalists Category:American television news anchors Category:American television reporters and correspondents Category:American women journalists Category:Citigroup people Category:Financial analysts Category:Goldman Sachs people Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People from Wicomico County, Maryland Category:Williams College alumni

ar:إيرين بيرنيت nl:Erin Burnett pt:Erin Burnett